Summary
Microorganisms that are adapted to extreme environments are sources for enzymes which are highly interesting for a variety of biotechnological processes. These enzymes can be utilized in a broad range of industrial applications for the starch, biofuel, brewing, baking or beverage industries. Enzymes from extremophiles are also attractive for the textile, detergent, pulp and paper and animal feed industries where process conditions of extreme pH-Values, high salt or solvent concentrations or high and low temperatures are required. The industrial enzymes used so far comprise the classes of hydrolases, lyases, oxidoreductases and transferases such as amylases, glucosidases, proteases, lipases, xylanases, pullulanases, phytases, mannanases, cellulases, pectate lyases and peroxidases.
In a large screening programme more than 300 marine, sponge associated isolates were selected for their ability to produce extracellular enzymes. The majority of the marine strains showed protease and amylase activities. A number of carbohydrate modifying enzyme producers were also identified (37 strains in total). One strain, isolate P203, was chosen for further studies. The marine strain P203 isolated from Plakortis simplex sponge was identified as a facultative halo- and alkalitolerant Bacillus species belonging to the alkaliphilic Bacillus RNA group 6. 16S rDNA sequence comparison revealed 98% nucleotide identity to Bacillus gibsonii DSM8722T and 99% nt identity to an up to now undescribed strain, Bacillus sp. LMG21005. The Gram-positive strain P203 was described along with hisphylogenetic neighbor, terrestrial strain B. sp. LMG21005, as two novel species of the genus Bacillus. Growth at low temperatures (from 4 to 30°C) and at pH values from 7 to 10 and the high salt tolerance (NaCl concentrations up to 12%) underlined the adaptation of Bacillus sp. P203 to its marine environment. In contrast, strain B. sp. LMG21005 was not halotolerant (growth in the presence of up to 4% NaCl was observed) and DNA-DNA hybridization revealed only 32.5% similarity to Bacillus sp. P203. The G+C content was 41.1% and 39.6% for B. sp. P203 and B. sp. LMG21005, respectively. Comparative analysis of fatty acids and biochemical properties of B. sp. P203 and B. sp. LMG21005 with related strains supported the proposal of two novel species, namely Bacillus plakortiensis and Bacillus greeniensis.
In order to screen Bacillus sp. P203 for novel extracellular enzymes of industrial relevance, a genomic plasmid library of the strain was prepared. A rapid screening method was applied where the library was treated with a genomic marker. The "tagged" plasmids of the library were screened for genes coding for extra-cytosolic proteins. Plasmid inserts of more than five hundred selected library colonies were sequenced using primer extension in both directions originating from the transposon insertion site. During the screening programme approximately 8% of the total genome of Bacillus sp. P203 was sequenced. This is in accordance with the assumption that 10% of an average Bacillus genome encodes for extracellular proteins. The resulting 427 DNA sequence fragments contained approximately three hundred protein coding regions. The novel protein sequences from Bacillus sp. P203 belong to protein families ranging from carbohydrate modifying enzymes and proteases to ABC transporters and other cell wall (attached) proteins or proteins of yet unknown function. The majority of the novel proteins had only 40-70% amino acid identity to known proteins from other organisms. Signal peptide sequence prediction and analysis of the secretion mechanism were performed on all identified peptide sequences. The majority of the proteins (20) were predicted to be transported via the Sec-type secretion system; only three proteins were predicted to be secreted by the TAT translocation machinery. Fourteen protein sequences had a lipobox motif. The putative function of the novel genes and their deduced proteins from Bacillus sp. P203 was predicted by comparative analysis using publicly available protein and genome sequences of five related strains. The mean amino acid identities to Bacillus sp. P203 were: B. clausii (52%), B. licheniformis (43%), B. halodurans(48%), B. subtilis (42%) and Oceanobacillus iheyensis (44%)
More than fifty putative protein sequences were annotated of which twelve enzymes were potential candidates for industrial applications. The novel enzymes were an arabinogalactan endo-β-1,4-galactosidase, a xylosidase, a xylanase, two carbonic anhydrases, a rhamnogalacturonan lyase, two %beta;-glucosidases, a β-galactosidase, two proteases and one peptidase. All newly identified proteins from Bacillus sp. P203 had relatively low amino acid sequence similarity to known proteins from other microorganisms. Thus, these proteins might inherit new enzymatic properties which will broaden the diversity of industrially relevant enzymes.
Additionally, comparison of all identified coding regions from Bacillus sp. P203 to genome sequences of the five Bacillus strains mentioned above, showed a close relationship within the genera. Several genes of Bacillus sp. P203 had high similarity to genes of the two alkaliphiles Oceanobacillus iheyensis and Bacillus halodurans. The orthologs are believed to play a role in salt tolerance and alkaliphily of the strains and thus underline the role of cell wall associated proteins in the adaptationmechanisms of alkaliphiles. The results shed light on the enzyme diversity in marine environment. The secretome, i.e. the part of the genome that codes for extracellular and cell wall associated proteins, of an unknown organism was analyzed without the need to sequence the whole genome.
Two novel extracellular enzymes from Bacillus sp. P203 were cloned and their genes expressed in E. coli and B. subtilis. A putatively extracellular carbonic anhydrase (CaaP203) was classified aseukaryotic (α-type) carbonic anhydrase (EC 4.2.1.1). Carbonic anhydrases are zinc metallo-enzymes which catalyze the interconversion of CO² and HCO³. The amino acid sequence of a second identified carbonic anhydrase from B. sp. P203 showed also eukaryotic character. The presence of two α-type carbonic anhydrases encoding genes in a Bacillus strain was not described before. Gene caaP203 was integrated into the genome of a B. subtilis strain which was used to express recombinant CaaP203. Recombinant CaaP203 was secreted into the culture medium, while plasmid mediated expression in E. coli lead to translocation of the mature protein into the periplasm. CaaP203 from both expression systems was purified to homogeneity by using highly specific affinity chromatography. The protein expressed in B. subtilis had a slightly smaller protein size (26 kDa) than calculated from the gene sequence (28 kDa). The amino-terminus of the protein was found to be truncated by 19 amino acids. In addition to carbonic anhydrase activity, CaaP203 showed also esterase activity. CaaP203 was active at 4°C, stable up to 30°C and was inhibited by azide ions and specific carbonic anhydrase inhibitor acetazolamide (I 50 values were 500 μM and 0.09 μM for azide and acetazolamide, respectively). Up to now, CaaP203 is the first described carbonic anhydrase from a Bacillus species.
Another enzyme from Bacillus sp. P203, arabinogalactan endo-β-1,4-galactosidase AgP203, was identified, cloned and heterologously expressed in E. coli and B. subtilis. Arabinan and arabinogalactan build the side chains of rhamnogalacturonan I which is present in a wide range of plant cell walls. Arabinogalactosidases (EC 3.2.1.89) can degrade these side chains. As a result, the enzyme improves the digestability of plant material in animal feed. Protein AgP203 was secreted into the culture supernatant when expressed in B. subtilis. Maximum activity of the cell free culture supernatant was observed at 40°C and pH 7. Culture supernatants of the wild type Bacillus sp. P203 showed a similar activity profile.
This work demonstrates the enormous potential of marine, alkaliphilic microorganisms, especially of the genus Bacillus, for the use in the field of industrial (white) biotechnology.
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